Name______________________________

Instructions: There are 100 points on this exam; 85 on objective and 15 on essays. The exam has 9 pages and 16 questions. Budget your time and good luck.
 

Fertilization, nidation, recognition of pregnancy, hormones of pregnancy, sexual differentiation, parturition, breast physiology, lactation, puberty, thyroid function, pancreatic function, diabetes
 

14. Which of these groups of hormones are normally and directly synthesized as active forms by hydrolysis of proteins?
 

a) trophic hormones

b) carbohydrates

c) thyronines

d) steroids

e) catecholamines
 

15. Thyrotropin
 

a) increases uptake of amino acids by target cells

b) stimulates the synthesis of calcitonin

c) enhances glucose uptake by target cells

d) stimulates target tissue growth

e) stimulates thyroglobulin breakdown as well as synthesis
 

15. Thyrotropin
 

a) increases uptake of amino acids by target cells

b) stimulates the synthesis of calcitonin

c) enhances glucose uptake by target cells

d) stimulates target tissue growth

e) stimulates thyroglobulin breakdown as well as synthesis
 
 
 

16. Which of the following characterizes Type I but not Type II diabetes mellitus?
 

a) hyperglycemia

b) lack of insulin actions

c) polyuria and polydipsia

d) successful treatment by dietary control alone

e) occurance prior to 20 years of age
 

16. Which of the following characterizes Type I but not Type II diabetes mellitus?
 

a) hyperglycemia

b) lack of insulin actions

c) polyuria and polydipsia

d) successful treatment by dietary control alone

e) occurance prior to 20 years of age
 

18. Parturition involves a gradual lessening of the effectiveness of _____________ on myometrial function. This occurs because _______________ alter placental metabolism and because the actions of (3)__________________ and _______________ coupled in a positive feedback loop tend to gain ascendancy allowing coordination of myometrial contractions. The timing of these events also coincide with the actions of _______________ , a protein hormone secreted by the corpus luteum and granular cells of the cervix, again following the priming of (3)_________________.
 

a) estradiol, progesterone or cortisol, relaxin, oxytocin, prolactin, relaxin

b) progesterone, DHEAS or cortisol, estradiol, oxytocin, relaxin, estradiol

c) oxytocin, estradiol or estriol, progesterone, relaxin, oxytocin, progesterone

d) cortisol, progesterone or estradiol, relaxin, oxytocin, DHEAS, relaxin

e) progesterone, prostaglandins, relaxin, oxytocin, DHEAS, relaxin
 

18. Parturition involves a gradual lessening of the effectiveness of _____________ on myometrial function. This occurs because _______________ alter placental metabolism and because the actions of (3)__________________ and _______________ coupled in a positive feedback loop tend to gain ascendancy allowing coordination of myometrial contractions. The timing of these events also coincide with the actions of _______________ , a protein hormone secreted by the corpus luteum and granular cells of the cervix, again following the priming of (3)_________________.
 

a) estradiol, progesterone or cortisol, relaxin, oxytocin, prolactin, relaxin

b) progesterone, DHEAS or cortisol, estradiol, oxytocin, relaxin, estradiol

c) oxytocin, estradiol or estriol, progesterone, relaxin, oxytocin, progesterone

d) cortisol, progesterone or estradiol, relaxin, oxytocin, DHEAS, relaxin

e) progesterone, prostaglandins, relaxin, oxytocin, DHEAS, relaxin
 

22. Insulin is related to diabetes mellitus Type I in the same way as thyroxine is to:

a) thyrotoxicosis

b) hyperthyroidism

c) hypothyroidism

d) euthyroidism

e) goiter

23. Among mammals the functional anatomy of the breast is not completed until after parturition and milk production is blocked during gestation by progesterone
 

a) because prolactin cannot be secreted in the presence of progesterone and it is required for growth of lactational ducts.

b) because the placental hormones are required to support fat deposition in the breast that is required to produce milk and because progesterone actively inhibits production of -lactalbumin.

c) because a complex of hormones including the high steroids of gestation are necessary to complete formation of the ductal tree and alveolar tissue and because progesterone actively inhibits production of galactosyl-transferase.

d) because a complex of hormones including the high steroids of gestation are necessary to complete formation of the ductal tree and alveolar tissue and because progesterone actively inhibits production of -lactalbumin.

e) because prolactin levels have to drop as they do after birth so that oxytocin can complete glandular development and because estrogens synergize with progesterone to block casein formation before birth but not afterwards.
 
 
 
 
 

23. Among mammals the functional anatomy of the breast is not completed until after parturition and milk production is blocked during gestation by progesterone
 

a) because prolactin cannot be secreted in the presence of progesterone and it is required for growth of lactational ducts.

b) because the placental hormones are required to support fat deposition in the breast that is required to produce milk and because progesterone actively inhibits production of -lactalbumin.

c) because a complex of hormones including the high steroids of gestation are necessary to complete formation of the ductal tree and alveolar tissue and because progesterone actively inhibits production of galactosyl-transferase.

d) because a complex of hormones including the high steroids of gestation are necessary to complete formation of the ductal tree and alveolar tissue and because progesterone actively inhibits production of -lactalbumin.

e) because prolactin levels have to drop as they do after birth so that oxytocin can complete glandular development and because estrogens synergize with progesterone to block casein formation before birth but not afterwards.
 

5. The blastocyst
 

a) is composed primarily of cells destined to become fetal membranes.

b) contains a minimum of 4-8 cells.

c) is the stage of development reached about the time of entry into the uterine lumen.

d) is the major source of placental chorionic somatomammotropin.

e) stage of development can be formed and lost before a menstrual period is missed.
 

6. The physiology of "maternal recognition of pregnancy" involves
 

a) trophoblastic assumption of hormonal support for function of the corpus luteum.

b) termination of negative feedback of progesterone on LHRH production.

c) speeding up the process termed luteolysis.

d) both chorionic gonadotropin and prostaglandins.

e) breast engorgement.
 
 
 
 
 

7. Oral contraceptive pills for women act by
 

a) killing sperm in the vagina.

b) preventing ovulation by inhibiting LHRH, LH and FSH release.

c) increasing myometrial contractions during the follicular phase so zygotes can't implant.

d) altering endometrial development.

e) moving the "fertile period" of the cycle toward the previous menses.
 

Multiple Choice ( 35 points total, 5 points per question, 1 point per response); circle all that are correct.

f) Blood glucose balance involves the actions of insulin and a group of other hormones. The hormones involved act on the following tissues to accomplish the balance.

i) Glucagon stimulates glucose production by liver and fat.
 

ii) Insulin stimulates gluconeogenesis in adipose tissue.
 

iii) Epinephrine stimulates production of hepatic glucose from muscular lactic acid.
 

iv) Glucocorticoids act on muscle and fat to spare glucose by stimulating breakdown of triglycerides and protein.
 

v) Insulin stimulates water reuptake by the distal tubules of the kidney to provide water for metabolism.
 

vi) Growth hormone acts to support insulin actions by generation of certain growth factors.
 

vii) Somatostatin acts within the pancreatic islets to help regulate release of both glucagon and insulin.
 

viii) Glucagon stimulates glycogenolysis by liver.
 

ix) Insulin enhances glycogenolysis, lipolysis, and proteolysis in fat, muscle, and brain.
 

x) Glucagon stimulates glucose reuptake by proximal tubule cells of the kidney.

1. Blood glucose balance involves the actions of insulin and a group of other hormones. Which of the hormones listed are most responsible for the following changes?
 

___ a) stimulation of glucose production by liver
 

___ b) stimulation of gluconeogenesis in liver
 

___ c) stimulation of glycolysis in muscle
 

___ d) stimulation of breakdown of triglycerides and protein in muscle and fat to spare glucose
 

___ e) stimulation of water reuptake by the distal tubules of the kidney to provide water for metabolism
 

___ f) support of insulin actions by generation of certain growth factors
 

___ g) suppression of both glucagon and insulin in the pancreatic islets
 

___ h) stimulation of glycogenolysis in liver
 

___ i) enhanced glycogenolysis, lipolysis, and proteolysis in fat and muscle
 

___ j) stimulation of movement of glucose transport proteins to target cell surfaces
 

A. Epinephrine B. Somatotropin C. Adipotropin D. Thyroxine

E. Insulin F. Glycophorin G. Hepatostatin H. Glucagon

I. Somatostatin J. Chorionic gonadotropin K. None of the Above
 

1. Blood glucose balance involves the actions of insulin and a group of other hormones. Which of the hormones listed are most responsible for the following changes?
 

___ a) stimulation of glucose production by liver
 

___ b) stimulation of gluconeogenesis in liver
 

___ c) stimulation of glycolysis in muscle
 

___ d) stimulation of breakdown of triglycerides and protein in muscle and fat to spare glucose
 

___ e) stimulation of water reuptake by the distal tubules of the kidney to provide water for metabolism
 

___ f) support of insulin actions by generation of certain growth factors
 

___ g) suppression of both glucagon and insulin in the pancreatic islets
 

___ h) stimulation of glycogenolysis in liver
 

___ i) enhanced glycogenolysis, lipolysis, and proteolysis in fat and muscle
 

___ j) stimulation of movement of glucose transport proteins to target cell surfaces
 

A. Epinephrine B. Somatotropin C. Adipotropin D. Thyroxine

E. Insulin F. Glycophorin G. Hepatostatin H. Glucagon

I. Somatostatin J. Chorionic gonadotropin K. None of the Above
 

l) The interdependence of multiple hormonal control systems is illustrated in:

i) lactational amenorrhea

ii) thyroid response to thyrotropin

iii) calcium and phosphorus metabolism

iv) parturition

v) testosterone response to LH
 

4. The embryonic genital tubercle develops into the _________ in males and the ___________ in females.
 

a) scrotum, labia majora

b) glans penis, clitoris

c) penis, labia minora

d) Wolffian ducts, Mullerian ducts

e) penis, vagina
 

8. Implantation
 

a) is accomplished as the trophoblastic cells invade the endometrial tissue

b) occurs during the luteal phase of the ovarian cycle

c) occurs during the proliferative phase of the uterine endometrial cycle

d) occurs within 48 hours after ovulation

e) is also known as nitration
 
 
 

9. Adrenal androgens

a) are normally secreted only in males, whereas adrenal estrogens are secreted in females

b) are normally secreted in both males and females, but in forms that cannot alter sexual differentiation or function

c) are responsible for the female sex drive

d) include 5-dihydrotestosterone

e) are the main products of the reticularis layer
 
 
 

11. (15 points) Fill in the table.
 
 
 

Genetic Gonadal Internal External

Phenotype Phenotype Reproductive Reproductive

_________ _________ Phenotype Phenotype
 

[Example]

[XX] [Ovary] [Normal ] [Normal ]
 
 
 

XY, SRY⁺, HY⁺,

5-Reductase⁺
 
 
 

XX, SRY⁺, HY⁺,

5-Reductase⁺
 
 
 

XY, SRY⁺, HY⁺,

5-Reductase⁺,

T-Receptor^-
 
 
 

XO, SRY^-, HY^-,

5-Reductase⁺
 
 
 

XX, SRY^-, HY^-,

5-Reductase⁺,

11-Hydroxylase^-
 

33. Fill in the table.
 
 
 

Genetic Gonadal Internal External Viable

Phenotype Phenotype Reproductive Reproductive Gametes?

_________ _________ Phenotype Phenotype _________
 

[Example]

[XX] [Ovary] [Normal ] [Normal ] [yes, X eggs]
 
 
 

XYY, SRY⁺, HY⁺,

MRF^--,

5-Reductase⁺
 
 
 

XX, SRY⁺, HY⁺,

5-Reductase⁺
 
 
 

XY, SRY⁺, HY⁺,

5-Reductase⁺,

T-Receptor^--
 
 
 

XO, SRY^--, HY^--,

5-Reductase⁺
 
 
 

XX, SRY^--, HY^--,

5-Reductase⁺,

11-Hydroxylase^--
 

12. Matching. (10 points, 1 point per response). Indicate which item in the answer list best matches the description in the list of questions; write the appropriate letter in the blank. There is only one correct answer per question but each response may be used either more than once or not at all.
 

____ a) Myometrial cells and myoepithelial cell both contract in response to
 

____ b) The isthmus, ampulla, and ostium are all parts
 

____ c) The major estrogen of pregnancy
 

____ d) A primary mechanism for preventing polyspermy
 

____ e) Formation is stimulated by LH after ovulation
 

____ f) Stores sperm prior to ejaculation
 

____ g) Destined to become the fetus
 

____ h) Structure within which the ovum develops prior to ovulation
 

____ i) Site of capacitation of sperm
 

____ j) That which maintains quiescence of myometrium and differentiation of endometrium
 
 
 
 
 

A. Cortical reaction B. Vagina C. Estradiol D. Testosterone

E. Follicle F. Corpus luteum G. Acrosome H. Estriol

I. Seminal vesicles J. Fallopian tube K. Uterus L. Prostate gland

M. Capacitation N. Progesterone O. Cervix P. Epididymus

Q. Inner cell mass R. Trophoblast S. Polar body T. LH

U. Midpiece of sperm V. Tail of sperm W. Fimbria X. Oxytocin

Y. Syncytiotrophoblast Z. Counter-current exchange
 

14. RU-486, the progesterone/corticoid antagonist, produced by Rousell-Uclaf has been demonstrated in several mammalian species to function most efficiently as an abortifacient (stimulator of miscarriage) if given simultaneously with a prostaglandin preparation. Describe the probable physiological mechanisms being altered in this RU-486/prostaglandin combined treatment and how they compare to normal physiological events.
 

12. Testicular feminization syndrome is found in approximately 1 of 50,000 live births. It is expressed as an external and psycho-behavioral female phenotype with both development of breasts and minimal hair growth at the usual time of puberty. These individuals have short, blind vaginae, persistent primary amenorrhea, elevated testosterone levels, and a propensity for development of gonadal tumors due to chronically elevated gonadotropin levels.
 

a. What genotype would accompany this condition in humans?
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

b. What developmental deficit could result in the appearance of the full spectrum of these problems?
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

c. Why are gonadotropins elevated?
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

d. Why is there a lack of pubertal hair growth?
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

e. What might explain the presence of breast development?
 

32. The concept of sequential actions of hormones where one acts first on a target tissue with a second acting afterwards on the same target tissue has sometimes been referred to as synergy or hormonal priming. Describe two specific examples of this phenomena, where and when they occur, and what their ultimate collective outcome is. Also discuss what the most probable intracellular mechanisms are that make this division of labor work. Does this strategy offer any advantage to the organism?
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

13. RU-486, the progesterone/corticoid antagonist, produced by Rousell-Uclaf has been demonstrated in several mammalian species to function most efficiently as an abortifacient (stimulator of miscarriage) if given simultaneously with a prostaglandin preparation. Describe the probable physiological mechanisms being altered in this RU-486/prostaglandin combined treatment and how they compare to normal physiological events.
 
 
 

14. One of the central arguments in the controversy over free or restricted access to abortion is the definition of when "life" begins and whether or not abortion constitutes murder. Provide biological arguments that support one side of the argument and then attempt to provide contrasting biological arguments supporting the opposite view.
 
 
 

15. Referring to the process of gamete maturation, fertilization and nidation, indicate the most probable reasons for subfecundity or infertility resulting from:
 

a) the development of anti-sperm antibodies by the male partner;
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

b) restriction of Fallopian tube movement due to adhesions formed in response to previous pelvic inflammatory disease;
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

c) deposition of sperm in the female tract (primates) > 6 days before the LH surge.
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

16. One of the central arguments in the controversy over free or restricted access to abortion is the definition of when "life" begins and whether or not abortion constitutes murder. Provide biological arguments that support one side of the argument and then attempt to provide contrasting biological arguments supporting the opposite view.